This plant originated (indigenous) from India, growing at an altitude of 100-700 m above sea level, resistant to hot weather and drought. These plants form an upright shrub, 2-5 m high, an ornamental plant grown in the yard and sometimes planted on the roadside. Line-shaped leaves are lanceolate, thick, about 1 cm stemmed somewhat bent with maternal bone protruding. Leaves 7-20 cm long, 1-3 cm wide leaf color dark green top and green bottom, the tip of the leaf base tapering and flat edges. Panicle-shaped flowers at the end of the branch with funnel-shaped crown, a narrow tube at the base, pink and white. Fruit-shaped with a size of 15-25 cm long, rounded seeds grooved lengthwise with a lot of hair.
oleandrin can stimulate apoptosis through suppression of activation Nuclear Factor-kB (NF-kB), Activator protein-1 (AP-1), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in HeLa cell line. Another study states that oleandrin given after the cells irradiated with 6 Gy γ-rays, can raise the activation of caspase-3 in human prostate carcinoma cell line (PC-3) compared with controls, and also oleandrin without irradiation (Nasu et al., 2002 ). The study further states that oleandrin potentially inhibit the activation of Nuclear Factor-kB and AP-1 in various cell lines, which can hinder the process of tumorigenesis and inflammatory processes (Sreenivasan et al., 2003). Nerium indicum leaf in the form infusa 20% given to white male Wistar rats for 30 days did not cause toxic effects, changes (effects on hematology system) could still be in the range of normal values (Prasetya et al., 2004). Using the method of extraction, fractionation, and isolation are monitored by the BST (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test), oleandrin was isolated from the leaves of Nerium indicum, generating value LC50 = 2.36 x 10-6 M (Wa).
Oleandrin also able to inhibit the growth of myeloma cells at doses of 1.74 x 10-5 M, is proportional to the dose of vincristine sulfate 3.4 x 10-5 M (Wahyuningsih et al., 2000b). Oleandrin have a cytotoxic effect on several human cancer cells in vitro and cytotoxic properties of the largest oleandrin on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with a value of IC50 = 8.85 nM
The number of cells undergoing apoptosis can be observed by flow cytometry, using Annexin V-Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), found that oleandrin capable of increasing apoptosis of cancer cells MCF-7 along with sample incubation
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